{"id":9851,"date":"2018-07-31T11:11:20","date_gmt":"2018-07-31T16:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/?p=9851"},"modified":"2025-05-15T14:39:50","modified_gmt":"2025-05-15T19:39:50","slug":"thermocouple-sensors-catalyst-die-off-predictions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/knowhow\/thermocouple-sensors-catalyst-die-off-predictions\/","title":{"rendered":"The Role of Thermocouple Sensors in Catalyst Die-Off Predictions for LTS Syngas Reactors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>By using thermocouple sensors and plotting temperature measurements at different points in the catalyst bed, syngas plant operators can accurately predict catalyst behavior. The resulting \u201cS\u201d curves \u2013 along with shifts and shape changes over time \u2013 also give refineries valuable data about catalyst bed life that is essential when planning catalyst replacement.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Using robust thermocouple sensors, accurate temperature measurements at multiple points inside a reactor\u2019s catalyst bed provide reliable data for drawing curves that help profile how the catalyst bed will perform under given conditions. These curves are also a valuable tool for estimating the life of the catalyst bed, which is important for knowing when to replace a reactor\u2019s catalyst.<\/p>\n<h2>\u201cS\u201d Curves<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cS\u201d curves plot catalyst temperature versus bed depth and are good indicators of catalyst activity and behavior in syngas low temperature shift (LTS) reactors. These curves are even more helpful when the noise generated by temperature changes at the shift bed inlet is minimized by expressing the catalyst temperature as a percentage of the total temperature change in the reactor (% exotherm).<\/p>\n<p>Monthly checkups using actual plant numbers \u2014 not monthly averages \u2014 provide sufficient data to draw useful \u201cS\u201d curves. For best results, plant operators should analyze these curves with experts from the catalyst supplier to determine if catalyst performance is within expected parameters.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width:258px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/files\/2018\/07\/shifting-s-curves_lts-process.png\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plotting \u201cS\u201d curves monthly shows a consistent right-shifting pattern.<\/p><\/div>\n    \n<h3>Graph Shifting<\/h3>\n<p>As the catalyst near the inlet of the bed deactivates, less and less exotherm is generated, and the reaction moves deeper into the bed and into fresher catalyst. Plotting several \u201cS\u201d curves over regular time intervals (monthly, in this figure) will show a consistent right-shifting pattern that represents these changes. If conditions remain relatively stable, the curves will maintain the same shape and the shift interval until the minimum reaction bed depth is reached.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width:258px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/files\/2018\/07\/unexpected-shift_lts-process.png\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A larger-than-expected shift indicates more deactivated catalyst than normal.<\/p><\/div>\n    \n<p>A curve shift larger than expected (April Actual curve vs. April Expected curve in this figure) points to the deactivation of more catalyst than normal and at an event in the catalyst bed history that affects the life and performance of the\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem\">catalyst bed. This extra deactivation may be caused by contaminants entering the process or a plant rate change, for example.<\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width:258px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/files\/2018\/07\/shape-change_lts-process.png\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flattened &#8220;S&#8221; curve indicates a change in catalyst condition.<\/p><\/div>\n    \n<h3>Shape Changing<\/h3>\n<p>A change in the shape of the \u201cS\u201d curve is another indicator of a change in catalyst conditions. A shifted and flattened curve (April Actual) \u2013 when compared to what is expected curve (April Expected) indicates that more of the bed has been deactivated and that the reaction needs to reach deeper into the bed to maintain the same reaction rate.<\/p>\n<p>This alteration may be due to either a change in the reaction rate or a change in the composition inside the reactor. It may also indicate an ongoing change in conditions and not a one-time event. In any of these cases, the plant operator should contact the catalyst supplier to review current catalyst conditions and to make adjustments.<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width:258px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/files\/2018\/07\/die-off-graph_lts-shift-388x312.png\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">As catalyst deactivates, it generates less heat, represented by the % exotherm.<\/p><\/div>\n    \n<h2>Die-Off Rates<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cS\u201d curve graphs show all temperature measurement points at one particular time. Plotting each temperature point over time will show the changes in the activity of a particular zone of the catalyst bed over time. As the catalyst above a thermocouple sensor deactivates, it generates less heat \u2013 and the % exotherm of that point decreases. When the exotherm reaches 0%, the catalyst at that particular inlet temperature is no longer active, as shown in this figure.<\/p>\n<p>Since the temperature point is at a known depth inside the bed, the volume of the catalyst associated with its exotherm can be calculated. The time online needed for that point to reach 0% exotherm is also known; therefore, the die-off rate of the catalyst can be calculated.<\/p>\n<p>Die-off rates are important when estimating the remaining life of the catalyst bed. The minimum reaction depth taken from the \u201cS\u201d curve gives the volume of catalyst required to maintain the CO slip. When the temperature measurement point at this height reaches 0% exotherm, the CO slip begins to increase. How big the CO slip can be will determine when to change the catalyst. By trending the temperature measuring point, it is easy to estimate the date of when the exotherm will reach 0%.<\/p>\n<p>Die-off rate calculations also help to determine whether current operating conditions will result in the catalyst life needed. If the estimated life is too short, an increase in the inlet temperature of the bed will bring about more activity. Higher temperatures, however, may cause higher rates of deactivation. Changes in operating conditions should be carried out in consultation with the catalyst supplier to ensure best results.<\/p>\n<p>WIKA USA has developed accurate and reliable temperature measurement systems, including single sheath multipoints and flexible, independent thermocouple assemblies (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wika.com\/en-us\/tc96_r.WIKA\" rel=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">Gayesco Flex-R<sup><span>\u00ae<\/span><\/sup><\/a><span>) <\/span>that can help syngas plants predict catalyst events and die-off.\u00a0For more information about thermocouple sensors, contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wika.com\/en-us\/contact.WIKA\" rel=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">WIKA&#8217;s experts\u00a0<\/a>today.<\/p>\n<p>Click here to enter our <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/2FueOzI\" rel=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">interactive refinery<\/a> to learn more about WIKA product applications.<\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/\/files\/2018\/06\/refinery-roadmap-388x218.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic depicting an overview of a typical refinery\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/figure>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;float: left\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0in;margin-left: .375in;font-family: Calibri;font-size: 11.0pt\">[contact-form-7 id=&#8221;14552&#8243; title=&#8221;Blog Contact Form&#8221;]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By using thermocouple sensors and plotting temperature measurements at different points in the catalyst bed, syngas plant operators can accurately predict catalyst behavior. The resulting \u201cS\u201d curves \u2013 along with shifts and shape changes over time \u2013 also give refineries valuable data about catalyst bed life that is essential when planning catalyst replacement. Using robust [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":190,"featured_media":9865,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[805,802,437,323],"class_list":["post-9851","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-knowhow","tag-catalyst","tag-low-temperature-shift","tag-temperature-measurement","tag-thermocouple"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Predicting Catalyst Bed Behavior and Die-Off with Thermocouples - WIKA blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Using thermocouple sensors to take temperature measurements of the catalyst and plotting \u201cS\u201d curves can predict catalyst events in low temperature shift (LTS) reactors. Catalyst die-off rates allow users to estimate bed life.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.wika.com\/us\/knowhow\/thermocouple-sensors-catalyst-die-off-predictions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Predicting Catalyst Bed Behavior and Die-Off with Thermocouples - WIKA blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Using thermocouple sensors to take temperature measurements of the catalyst and plotting \u201cS\u201d curves can predict catalyst events in low temperature shift (LTS) reactors. 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